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Studi Metagenomik Sampel Perairan yang Diperkaya dari Wilayah Hilir Sungai Citarum dan Potensinya sebagai Agen Bioremediasi
Abstract
Abstrak
Perairan Sungai Citarum banyak memperoleh limpasan limbah antropogenik dari darat yang dapat menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan. Untuk mengatasi masalah pencemaran tersebut, bakteri dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai agen bioremediasi. Hingga saat ini belum tersedia informasi komunitas bakteri di Perairan Sungai Citarum, khususnya dari wilayah hilir Muara Gembong. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi komunitas, kelimpahan, dan keanekaragaman bakteri dari Perairan Muara Gembong yang telah diperkaya dengan pendekatan metagenomik, serta analisis fungsional dengan melihat profil protein yang dimiliki dari bakteri yang teridentifikasi yang berpotensi sebagai agen bioremediasi. Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan di dua lokasi (A1 dan A2) dengan karateristik perairan yang berbeda. Sampel air estuari diperkaya dengan 0,2x Nutrient Broth. Sekuensing dilakukan dengan metode Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) menggunakan amplikon sekuensing platform Novaseq Illumina, dengan primer 16S rRNA region V3–V4 (341F dan 806R). Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan terdapat 37 genera, 19 famili, 13 ordo, 7 kelas, dan 4 filum bakteri dengan 49 OTU untuk sampel A1 dan 48 OTU untuk sampel A2. Kelimpahan tertinggi diperoleh pada kelas Gammaproteobacteria (99,82%) yang didominasi oleh genus Vibrio. Keanekaragaman bakteri pada kedua sampel diperkaya ini tergolong sedang dengan dominasi tinggi. Analisis fungsional menunjukkan kemampuan bakteri yang teridentifikasi mampu mendegradasi benzoate, dioxin, asam lemak, metana, naftalen, nitrotoluene, PAH, dan sulfur dengan protein dan enzim yang terlibat dalam metabolisme tersebut. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bakteri yang teridentifikasi pada Perairan Muara Gembong mempunyai potensi bioremediasi untuk cemaran lingkungan, seperti polutan organik dari logam berat.
Abstract
Muara Gembong waters is a downstream region of the Citarum watershed that receives anthropogenic runoff and affects water pollution. To overcome the problem of pollution, bacteria can be used as a bioremediation agent. Until now, information on the bacterial community in Citarum River waters has not been obtained, especially in the downstream area of Muara Gembong. This study aims to identify the community, abundance, and diversity of bacteria from Muara Gembong waters that have been enriched with a metagenomic approach, as well as functional analysis by looking at the protein profiles of the identified bacteria that have the potential as bioremediation agents. Water samples were taken at two locations (A1 and A2) with different water characteristics. Estuary water samples were enriched with 0.2x Nutrient Broth (NB). Amplicon sequencing of NGS by Novaseq Illumina platform was used in this research, using 16S rRNA primer region V3-V4 (341F and 806R). The results showed that 37 genera, 19 families, 13 orders, 7 classes, and 4 bacterial phyla were identified with 49 OTUs for A1 and 48 OTUs for A2. The highest abundance was obtained by the Gammaproteobacteria class (99.82%) which dominated by the Vibrio genera. The diversity level is classified as medium diversity with high dominance. Functional analysis showed the ability of the identified bacteria to degrade benzoate, dioxin, fatty acid, methane, naphthalene, nitrotoluene, PAH, and sulfur with proteins and enzymes involved in the metabolism. This study shows that identified bacteria in Muara Gembong waters are potentially appicable for bioremediation of the environment contaminants, such as organic pollutants and heavy metals.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jpbkp.v17i1.794
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